AI Supply Chain Map Nov 16 Written By Fred Stupart Complete AI Infrastructure Supply Chain - From Energy to Applications Company-Specific Value Chain Mapping LAYER 1: PRIMARY ENERGY SOURCES Natural Gas E&P ExxonMobil, Chevron ConocoPhillips, EOG Pioneer Natural Resources Devon Energy, Diamondback Permian, Marcellus, Haynesville Uranium Mining/Processing Cameco (Canada) Kazatomprom (Kazakhstan) Uranium Energy Corp Energy Fuels, Denison Mines U3O8, Enrichment Services Solar/Wind Equipment Mfg First Solar, SunPower Vestas, Siemens Gamesa LONGi Green, JinkoSolar Canadian Solar, Trina Solar Modules, Turbines, Inverters Battery Materials & Cells Albemarle, SQM (Lithium) CATL, LG Energy Solution Panasonic, Samsung SDI BYD, Tesla (Megapack) Li-ion, Flow Batteries LAYER 2: ENERGY MIDSTREAM & POWER GENERATION Gas Pipelines/Midstream Kinder Morgan, Williams Cos Energy Transfer, Enterprise DT Midstream, TC Energy ONEOK, Targa Resources Interstate Transport, LNG Export Natural Gas Power IPPs Vistra Corp, NRG Energy Calpine (Energy Capital) Constellation Energy AES Corp, Talen Energy CCGT Plants, Peakers Nuclear Power Operators Constellation Energy Vistra (Comanche Peak) Duke Energy, Southern Co PSEG, Dominion Energy 24/7 Baseload, Carbon-Free Renewable Energy IPPs NextEra Energy Partners Brookfield Renewable Clearway Energy, Pattern Orsted, RWE, Enel Utility-Scale Solar/Wind PPAs Grid Storage/BESS Fluence Energy (FLNC) Tesla Megapack NextEra Storage AES Grid Storage Peak Shaving, Grid Stability LAYER 3: UTILITIES & GRID INFRASTRUCTURE Regulated Utilities (Data Center Markets) Dominion Energy (Virginia) AEP (Texas, Ohio) Xcel Energy (Colorado, Minnesota) Georgia Power (Southern Co) Salt River Project (Arizona) Rate Base Growth, Infrastructure Investment Grid Operators & Transmission PJM Interconnection (Mid-Atlantic) ERCOT (Texas) CAISO (California) MISO, SPP (Central US) Quanta Services (Infrastructure) Interconnection Queues, Transmission Builds Power Equipment & Transformers Eaton Corporation Schneider Electric ABB, Siemens Energy Hitachi Energy, GE Vernova Hubbell, nVent Electric HV Transformers, Switchgear, Substations LAYER 4: DATA CENTER PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE Data Center REITs/Developers Equinix (EQIX) Digital Realty (DLR) CyrusOne (KKR/Blackstone) QTS (Blackstone), Vantage DataBank, Switch (DigitalBridge) Colo, Wholesale, Build-to-Suit Data Center EPC/Construction Holder Construction DPR Construction Mortenson, Turner Clune Construction Rosendin Electric, Balfour Beatty Mission Critical Construction Cooling & HVAC Systems Vertiv Holdings (VRT) Schneider Electric (APC) Trane Technologies (Trane) Johnson Controls, Carrier Cooltera (Liquid Cooling) CRAH, Liquid Cooling, CDUs UPS & Power Distribution Vertiv (Liebert UPS) Eaton (UPS, PDUs) Schneider Electric (Galaxy) ABB, Legrand Caterpillar, Cummins (Gensets) PDUs, Busways, Backup Power DCIM & Monitoring Vertiv (Trellis) Schneider (EcoStruxure) Nlyte Software Sunbird DCIM Device42, NetBox Asset Management, PUE Monitoring LAYER 5: SEMICONDUCTOR MANUFACTURING Semiconductor Equipment ASML (EUV Lithography) Applied Materials Lam Research (Etch) KLA Corp (Inspection) Tokyo Electron (TEL) ASMI, Entegris, Linde Litho, Deposition, Etch, Metrology Foundries & Fabs TSMC (90% AI chip mfg) Samsung Foundry Intel Foundry Services GlobalFoundries SMIC (China) UMC (Mature Nodes) 3nm, 4nm, 5nm Advanced Nodes HBM & Memory SK Hynix (HBM3e Leader) Samsung (HBM, GDDR) Micron Technology Kioxia, Western Digital Nanya Technology CXMT (China) HBM3/3e, DDR5, NAND Advanced Packaging/OSAT TSMC (CoWoS Packaging) ASE Technology Amkor Technology JCET Group PTI (Powertech) Intel (Foveros, EMIB) 2.5D/3D, Chiplets, CoWoS LAYER 6: CHIP DESIGN & COMPONENTS GPU/AI Accelerators NVIDIA (H100, H200, B200) AMD (MI300X, MI350) Intel (Gaudi 3, Arc) Google (TPU v5e, v6) Amazon (Trainium, Inferentia) Cerebras, Groq, SambaNova Training & Inference Chips Server CPUs Intel (Xeon Scalable) AMD (EPYC) Arm Holdings (IP/Architecture) Ampere Computing AWS Graviton, Google Axion Microsoft Cobalt x86, Arm-based Servers Networking Silicon Broadcom (Tomahawk, Jericho) NVIDIA (ConnectX, Spectrum) Marvell (Custom ASICs) Intel (E810, Mt. Evans) Cisco Silicon One Xilinx/AMD (FPGAs) NICs, Switches, DPUs Storage & SSD Controllers Samsung (PM9A3, PM1743) Western Digital Micron (Enterprise SSDs) Kioxia, SK Hynix (SSDs) Solidigm (Intel Legacy) Pure Storage, NetApp NVMe, CXL Memory EDA & Design Tools Synopsys (Fusion Compiler) Cadence (Innovus, Tempus) Siemens EDA (Mentor) ANSYS (Simulation) Keysight (Test Equipment) Arm IP (Cortex, Mali, etc.) RTL to GDSII, Verification LAYER 7: SYSTEMS INTEGRATION & NETWORKING Server/Rack Systems Super Micro Computer Dell Technologies HPE (Cray, ProLiant) Lenovo, ASUS Quanta, Wistron (ODMs) DGX Systems, GPU Clusters Network Switches & Routers Arista Networks Cisco Systems Juniper Networks (HPE) NVIDIA (Spectrum-X) Dell PowerSwitch 400G/800G Ethernet, InfiniBand Optical Transceivers Coherent (II-VI) Lumentum Holdings Applied Optoelectronics Fabrinet (Contract Mfg) InnoLight, Source Photonics 400G ZR, 800G, Co-Packaged Optics Fiber & Submarine Cables Corning (Fiber) Prysmian Group SubCom (TE Connectivity) NEC Submarine Systems Alcatel Submarine (Nokia) Terrestrial & Subsea Infrastructure Interconnection & IXPs Equinix (Fabric, ECX) Digital Realty (ServiceFabric) DE-CIX, AMS-IX LINX, Equinix IX Megaport, PacketFabric Cross-Connects, Peering LAYER 8: CLOUD & COMPUTE PROVIDERS Hyperscale Cloud Providers Amazon Web Services (AWS) Microsoft Azure Google Cloud Platform (GCP) Oracle Cloud Infrastructure IBM Cloud, Alibaba Cloud Tencent Cloud (China) IaaS, PaaS, Global Infrastructure Neo-Cloud / GPU Cloud CoreWeave Lambda Labs Crusoe Energy Together AI Voltage Park, Applied Digital Vast Data (AI Infrastructure) GPU-as-a-Service, AI Training Infra Colocation & Edge Equinix (Colo Services) Digital Realty Lumen Technologies EdgeConnex, StackPath Cloudflare (Edge Network) Fastly, Akamai CDN, Edge Compute, Private Cloud LAYER 9: AI MODELS & PLATFORM INFRASTRUCTURE Foundation Model Labs OpenAI (GPT-4, o1) Anthropic (Claude) Google DeepMind (Gemini) Meta AI (Llama) xAI (Grok), Cohere Mistral AI, AI21 Labs LLMs, Multimodal, Reasoning MLOps & Training Platforms Weights & Biases MLflow (Databricks) Hugging Face Neptune.ai, Comet ML Ray/Anyscale Determined AI, Run:ai Experiment Tracking, Orchestration Inference & Serving Replicate Modal Labs Baseten Fireworks AI Together AI (Inference) NVIDIA Triton, TensorRT Model Deployment, Scaling AI Data Infrastructure Snowflake (Cortex) Databricks (Mosaic ML) Pinecone (Vector DB) Weaviate, Milvus Scale AI (Data Labeling) Labelbox, Snorkel AI Vector Search, Data Pipelines AI Security & Observability Datadog (AI Monitoring) Arize AI (ML Observability) WhyLabs, Evidently AI Robust Intelligence LangSmith (LangChain) Guardrails AI Model Monitoring, Red-teaming LAYER 10: DEVELOPER TOOLS & FRAMEWORKS AI/ML Frameworks PyTorch (Meta) TensorFlow (Google) JAX (Google) Hugging Face Transformers vLLM, DeepSpeed NVIDIA NeMo, Megatron Deep Learning, Distributed Training LLM Application Frameworks LangChain LlamaIndex Semantic Kernel (Microsoft) Haystack, AutoGen CrewAI, AutoGPT Vercel AI SDK RAG, Agents, Orchestration AI Code Assistants GitHub Copilot (Microsoft) Cursor (AI IDE) Replit (AI Development) Amazon CodeWhisperer Tabnine, Sourcegraph Cody Anthropic Claude Code Code Completion, Pair Programming LAYER 11: VERTICAL AI APPLICATIONS Healthcare AI Tempus (Cancer Diagnostics) PathAI (Pathology) Recursion Pharma Veracyte, Paige AI Nuance (MSFT), Abridge Clinical AI, Drug Discovery Legal & Compliance AI Harvey AI Casetext (Thomson Reuters) Ironclad LexisNexis AI, Westlaw AI Luminance, Spellbook Contract Analysis, Legal Research Financial Services AI Bloomberg AI (Terminal) Kensho (S&P Global) Ayasdi (SymphonyAI) AlphaSense, Sentieo Avanade, Socure (Fraud) Trading, Risk, Compliance Enterprise AI Platforms Salesforce Einstein ServiceNow Now Assist Microsoft Copilot 365 Workday AI, SAP Joule Notion AI, Canva AI Productivity, Automation Customer Service AI Intercom Fin AI Zendesk AI Ada Support Forethought, Cognigy Sierra AI, Decagon Chatbots, Support Automation LAYER 12: CONSUMER & END-USER INTERFACES AI Chat Interfaces ChatGPT (OpenAI) Claude.ai (Anthropic) Google Gemini (Bard) Microsoft Copilot Perplexity AI, You.com Conversational AI, Q&A AI-Enhanced Search Google Search (SGE/AI) Bing AI (Microsoft) Perplexity Search DuckDuckGo AI Brave Search AI, Exa AI Answer Engines, RAG Search Creative & Generative AI Midjourney, DALL-E 3 Stability AI (Stable Diffusion) Runway ML (Video) ElevenLabs (Voice AI) Suno, Udio (Music AI) Image, Video, Audio Generation LEGEND & KEY BOTTLENECKS Energy & Power Infrastructure Data Center Physical Infrastructure Semiconductors & Hardware Cloud & Compute Providers AI Platform & Software Applications & Consumer Layer CRITICAL BOTTLENECKS: ⚠️ TSMC CoWoS Packaging (18-24 mo. lead time) ⚠️ SK Hynix HBM3e Memory (Sold out 2025) ⚠️ NVIDIA GPU Allocation (H100/B200) ⚠️ Grid Interconnection Queue (3-5 year delays) ⚠️ HV Transformer Shortage (40+ mo. lead) ⚠️ Data Center Power Capacity ⚠️ ASML EUV Systems (Limited capacity) DOMINANT PLAYERS: • NVIDIA: 80%+ AI training GPU market share • TSMC: 90%+ advanced AI chip manufacturing AI Supply Chain Flow Diagram - From Natural Resources to End-User Applications Arrows indicate primary value flow direction. Dashed lines indicate infrastructure dependencies. Created November 2025 | Company examples represent key players at each supply chain node Fred Stupart https://eaglestonecapital.net
AI Supply Chain Map Nov 16 Written By Fred Stupart Complete AI Infrastructure Supply Chain - From Energy to Applications Company-Specific Value Chain Mapping LAYER 1: PRIMARY ENERGY SOURCES Natural Gas E&P ExxonMobil, Chevron ConocoPhillips, EOG Pioneer Natural Resources Devon Energy, Diamondback Permian, Marcellus, Haynesville Uranium Mining/Processing Cameco (Canada) Kazatomprom (Kazakhstan) Uranium Energy Corp Energy Fuels, Denison Mines U3O8, Enrichment Services Solar/Wind Equipment Mfg First Solar, SunPower Vestas, Siemens Gamesa LONGi Green, JinkoSolar Canadian Solar, Trina Solar Modules, Turbines, Inverters Battery Materials & Cells Albemarle, SQM (Lithium) CATL, LG Energy Solution Panasonic, Samsung SDI BYD, Tesla (Megapack) Li-ion, Flow Batteries LAYER 2: ENERGY MIDSTREAM & POWER GENERATION Gas Pipelines/Midstream Kinder Morgan, Williams Cos Energy Transfer, Enterprise DT Midstream, TC Energy ONEOK, Targa Resources Interstate Transport, LNG Export Natural Gas Power IPPs Vistra Corp, NRG Energy Calpine (Energy Capital) Constellation Energy AES Corp, Talen Energy CCGT Plants, Peakers Nuclear Power Operators Constellation Energy Vistra (Comanche Peak) Duke Energy, Southern Co PSEG, Dominion Energy 24/7 Baseload, Carbon-Free Renewable Energy IPPs NextEra Energy Partners Brookfield Renewable Clearway Energy, Pattern Orsted, RWE, Enel Utility-Scale Solar/Wind PPAs Grid Storage/BESS Fluence Energy (FLNC) Tesla Megapack NextEra Storage AES Grid Storage Peak Shaving, Grid Stability LAYER 3: UTILITIES & GRID INFRASTRUCTURE Regulated Utilities (Data Center Markets) Dominion Energy (Virginia) AEP (Texas, Ohio) Xcel Energy (Colorado, Minnesota) Georgia Power (Southern Co) Salt River Project (Arizona) Rate Base Growth, Infrastructure Investment Grid Operators & Transmission PJM Interconnection (Mid-Atlantic) ERCOT (Texas) CAISO (California) MISO, SPP (Central US) Quanta Services (Infrastructure) Interconnection Queues, Transmission Builds Power Equipment & Transformers Eaton Corporation Schneider Electric ABB, Siemens Energy Hitachi Energy, GE Vernova Hubbell, nVent Electric HV Transformers, Switchgear, Substations LAYER 4: DATA CENTER PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE Data Center REITs/Developers Equinix (EQIX) Digital Realty (DLR) CyrusOne (KKR/Blackstone) QTS (Blackstone), Vantage DataBank, Switch (DigitalBridge) Colo, Wholesale, Build-to-Suit Data Center EPC/Construction Holder Construction DPR Construction Mortenson, Turner Clune Construction Rosendin Electric, Balfour Beatty Mission Critical Construction Cooling & HVAC Systems Vertiv Holdings (VRT) Schneider Electric (APC) Trane Technologies (Trane) Johnson Controls, Carrier Cooltera (Liquid Cooling) CRAH, Liquid Cooling, CDUs UPS & Power Distribution Vertiv (Liebert UPS) Eaton (UPS, PDUs) Schneider Electric (Galaxy) ABB, Legrand Caterpillar, Cummins (Gensets) PDUs, Busways, Backup Power DCIM & Monitoring Vertiv (Trellis) Schneider (EcoStruxure) Nlyte Software Sunbird DCIM Device42, NetBox Asset Management, PUE Monitoring LAYER 5: SEMICONDUCTOR MANUFACTURING Semiconductor Equipment ASML (EUV Lithography) Applied Materials Lam Research (Etch) KLA Corp (Inspection) Tokyo Electron (TEL) ASMI, Entegris, Linde Litho, Deposition, Etch, Metrology Foundries & Fabs TSMC (90% AI chip mfg) Samsung Foundry Intel Foundry Services GlobalFoundries SMIC (China) UMC (Mature Nodes) 3nm, 4nm, 5nm Advanced Nodes HBM & Memory SK Hynix (HBM3e Leader) Samsung (HBM, GDDR) Micron Technology Kioxia, Western Digital Nanya Technology CXMT (China) HBM3/3e, DDR5, NAND Advanced Packaging/OSAT TSMC (CoWoS Packaging) ASE Technology Amkor Technology JCET Group PTI (Powertech) Intel (Foveros, EMIB) 2.5D/3D, Chiplets, CoWoS LAYER 6: CHIP DESIGN & COMPONENTS GPU/AI Accelerators NVIDIA (H100, H200, B200) AMD (MI300X, MI350) Intel (Gaudi 3, Arc) Google (TPU v5e, v6) Amazon (Trainium, Inferentia) Cerebras, Groq, SambaNova Training & Inference Chips Server CPUs Intel (Xeon Scalable) AMD (EPYC) Arm Holdings (IP/Architecture) Ampere Computing AWS Graviton, Google Axion Microsoft Cobalt x86, Arm-based Servers Networking Silicon Broadcom (Tomahawk, Jericho) NVIDIA (ConnectX, Spectrum) Marvell (Custom ASICs) Intel (E810, Mt. Evans) Cisco Silicon One Xilinx/AMD (FPGAs) NICs, Switches, DPUs Storage & SSD Controllers Samsung (PM9A3, PM1743) Western Digital Micron (Enterprise SSDs) Kioxia, SK Hynix (SSDs) Solidigm (Intel Legacy) Pure Storage, NetApp NVMe, CXL Memory EDA & Design Tools Synopsys (Fusion Compiler) Cadence (Innovus, Tempus) Siemens EDA (Mentor) ANSYS (Simulation) Keysight (Test Equipment) Arm IP (Cortex, Mali, etc.) RTL to GDSII, Verification LAYER 7: SYSTEMS INTEGRATION & NETWORKING Server/Rack Systems Super Micro Computer Dell Technologies HPE (Cray, ProLiant) Lenovo, ASUS Quanta, Wistron (ODMs) DGX Systems, GPU Clusters Network Switches & Routers Arista Networks Cisco Systems Juniper Networks (HPE) NVIDIA (Spectrum-X) Dell PowerSwitch 400G/800G Ethernet, InfiniBand Optical Transceivers Coherent (II-VI) Lumentum Holdings Applied Optoelectronics Fabrinet (Contract Mfg) InnoLight, Source Photonics 400G ZR, 800G, Co-Packaged Optics Fiber & Submarine Cables Corning (Fiber) Prysmian Group SubCom (TE Connectivity) NEC Submarine Systems Alcatel Submarine (Nokia) Terrestrial & Subsea Infrastructure Interconnection & IXPs Equinix (Fabric, ECX) Digital Realty (ServiceFabric) DE-CIX, AMS-IX LINX, Equinix IX Megaport, PacketFabric Cross-Connects, Peering LAYER 8: CLOUD & COMPUTE PROVIDERS Hyperscale Cloud Providers Amazon Web Services (AWS) Microsoft Azure Google Cloud Platform (GCP) Oracle Cloud Infrastructure IBM Cloud, Alibaba Cloud Tencent Cloud (China) IaaS, PaaS, Global Infrastructure Neo-Cloud / GPU Cloud CoreWeave Lambda Labs Crusoe Energy Together AI Voltage Park, Applied Digital Vast Data (AI Infrastructure) GPU-as-a-Service, AI Training Infra Colocation & Edge Equinix (Colo Services) Digital Realty Lumen Technologies EdgeConnex, StackPath Cloudflare (Edge Network) Fastly, Akamai CDN, Edge Compute, Private Cloud LAYER 9: AI MODELS & PLATFORM INFRASTRUCTURE Foundation Model Labs OpenAI (GPT-4, o1) Anthropic (Claude) Google DeepMind (Gemini) Meta AI (Llama) xAI (Grok), Cohere Mistral AI, AI21 Labs LLMs, Multimodal, Reasoning MLOps & Training Platforms Weights & Biases MLflow (Databricks) Hugging Face Neptune.ai, Comet ML Ray/Anyscale Determined AI, Run:ai Experiment Tracking, Orchestration Inference & Serving Replicate Modal Labs Baseten Fireworks AI Together AI (Inference) NVIDIA Triton, TensorRT Model Deployment, Scaling AI Data Infrastructure Snowflake (Cortex) Databricks (Mosaic ML) Pinecone (Vector DB) Weaviate, Milvus Scale AI (Data Labeling) Labelbox, Snorkel AI Vector Search, Data Pipelines AI Security & Observability Datadog (AI Monitoring) Arize AI (ML Observability) WhyLabs, Evidently AI Robust Intelligence LangSmith (LangChain) Guardrails AI Model Monitoring, Red-teaming LAYER 10: DEVELOPER TOOLS & FRAMEWORKS AI/ML Frameworks PyTorch (Meta) TensorFlow (Google) JAX (Google) Hugging Face Transformers vLLM, DeepSpeed NVIDIA NeMo, Megatron Deep Learning, Distributed Training LLM Application Frameworks LangChain LlamaIndex Semantic Kernel (Microsoft) Haystack, AutoGen CrewAI, AutoGPT Vercel AI SDK RAG, Agents, Orchestration AI Code Assistants GitHub Copilot (Microsoft) Cursor (AI IDE) Replit (AI Development) Amazon CodeWhisperer Tabnine, Sourcegraph Cody Anthropic Claude Code Code Completion, Pair Programming LAYER 11: VERTICAL AI APPLICATIONS Healthcare AI Tempus (Cancer Diagnostics) PathAI (Pathology) Recursion Pharma Veracyte, Paige AI Nuance (MSFT), Abridge Clinical AI, Drug Discovery Legal & Compliance AI Harvey AI Casetext (Thomson Reuters) Ironclad LexisNexis AI, Westlaw AI Luminance, Spellbook Contract Analysis, Legal Research Financial Services AI Bloomberg AI (Terminal) Kensho (S&P Global) Ayasdi (SymphonyAI) AlphaSense, Sentieo Avanade, Socure (Fraud) Trading, Risk, Compliance Enterprise AI Platforms Salesforce Einstein ServiceNow Now Assist Microsoft Copilot 365 Workday AI, SAP Joule Notion AI, Canva AI Productivity, Automation Customer Service AI Intercom Fin AI Zendesk AI Ada Support Forethought, Cognigy Sierra AI, Decagon Chatbots, Support Automation LAYER 12: CONSUMER & END-USER INTERFACES AI Chat Interfaces ChatGPT (OpenAI) Claude.ai (Anthropic) Google Gemini (Bard) Microsoft Copilot Perplexity AI, You.com Conversational AI, Q&A AI-Enhanced Search Google Search (SGE/AI) Bing AI (Microsoft) Perplexity Search DuckDuckGo AI Brave Search AI, Exa AI Answer Engines, RAG Search Creative & Generative AI Midjourney, DALL-E 3 Stability AI (Stable Diffusion) Runway ML (Video) ElevenLabs (Voice AI) Suno, Udio (Music AI) Image, Video, Audio Generation LEGEND & KEY BOTTLENECKS Energy & Power Infrastructure Data Center Physical Infrastructure Semiconductors & Hardware Cloud & Compute Providers AI Platform & Software Applications & Consumer Layer CRITICAL BOTTLENECKS: ⚠️ TSMC CoWoS Packaging (18-24 mo. lead time) ⚠️ SK Hynix HBM3e Memory (Sold out 2025) ⚠️ NVIDIA GPU Allocation (H100/B200) ⚠️ Grid Interconnection Queue (3-5 year delays) ⚠️ HV Transformer Shortage (40+ mo. lead) ⚠️ Data Center Power Capacity ⚠️ ASML EUV Systems (Limited capacity) DOMINANT PLAYERS: • NVIDIA: 80%+ AI training GPU market share • TSMC: 90%+ advanced AI chip manufacturing AI Supply Chain Flow Diagram - From Natural Resources to End-User Applications Arrows indicate primary value flow direction. Dashed lines indicate infrastructure dependencies. Created November 2025 | Company examples represent key players at each supply chain node Fred Stupart https://eaglestonecapital.net
